java调用python数据交互 Python调用Java数据接口实现CRUD操
目录
- 引言
- 接口定义规范
- 接口设计规则
- 基本接口结构
- 接口定义示例
- 接口实现
- Django视图实现
- URL路由配置
- Java接口调用
- 测试与性能
- 单元测试
- 性能压测
- 监控指标
- 文档生成
- 版本控制
- 安全性考虑
引言
在现代软件架构中,体系间的数据交互变得越来越重要。Python和Java作为两种流行的编程语言,在企业级应用中常常需要实现跨语言的数据交互。本报告将详细介绍怎样在Django Python项目中调用Java数据接口,特别关注增删改查(CRUD)操作的实现方式。通过这篇文章小编将,读者将了解接口定义的最佳操作、实现技巧以及一些高质量特性。
接口定义规范
接口设计规则
在设计Python项目与Java数据接口 交互时,需要遵循下面内容规则:
- 一致性:确保所有接口遵循相同的命名约定和参数传递制度
- 幂等性:对于查询类接口,应设计为幂等操作,确保重复调用不会产生副影响
- 参数化:为接口设计合理的参数,使接口具有灵活性和可复用性
- 错误处理:定义统一的错误处理机制,便于客户端领会和处理异常情况
基本接口结构
一个完整的接口定义应包含下面内容要素:
- URI路径:接口访问路径,通常采用RESTful风格设计
- HTTP技巧:GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等HTTP技巧
- 请求参数:查询参数、路径参数或请求体参数
- 响应格式:通常为JSON格式,包含情形码、数据和错误信息
接口定义示例
1. 查询所有省份
“interface”: “name”: “查询所有省份”, “method”: “GET”, “path”: “/api/provinces/”, “parameters”: [], “response”: “schema”: “type”: “object”, “properties”: “data”: “type”: “array”, “items”: “type”: “string”} }, “timestamp”: “type”: “string”, “format”: “date-time”} } }, “example”: “data”: [“广东省”, “江苏省”, “浙江省”, …], “timestamp”: “2025-04-17T18:27:30Z” } } }}
2. 按条件查询Notice列表
“interface”: “name”: “按条件查询Notice列表”, “method”: “GET”, “path”: “/api/notices/”, “parameters”: [ “name”: “province”, “type”: “string”, “description”: “省份名称”, “in”: “query”}, “name”: “publishdate”, “type”: “string”, “description”: “发布时刻,格式:YYYY-MM-DD”, “in”: “query”}, “name”: “doctype”, “type”: “string”, “description”: “文档类型”, “in”: “query”} ], “response”: “schema”: “type”: “object”, “properties”: “data”: “type”: “array”, “items”: “type”: “object”, “properties”: “id”: “type”: “integer”}, “title”: “type”: “string”}, “province”: “type”: “string”}, “publishdate”: “type”: “string”, “format”: “date”}, “doctype”: “type”: “string”} } } }, “timestamp”: “type”: “string”, “format”: “date-time”} } }, “example”: “data”: [“id”: 123, “title”: “某项目招标公告”, “province”: “广东省”, “publishdate”: “2025-04-01”, “doctype”: “招标公告”}], “timestamp”: “2025-04-17T18:27:30Z” } } }}
3. 组合搜索
“interface”: “name”: “组合搜索”, “method”: “POST”, “path”: “/api/combined-search/”, “parameters”: [], “request”: “schema”: “type”: “object”, “properties”: “filters”: “type”: “object”, “properties”: “province”: “type”: “string”}}, “description”: “过滤条件”}, “options”: “type”: “object”, “properties”: “daysbefore”: “type”: “integer”}}, “description”: “选项参数”} } }, “example”: “filters”: “province”: “浙江省”}, “options”: “daysbefore”: 7}} }, “response”: “schema”: “type”: “object”, “properties”: “notices”: “type”: “array”, “items”: “$ref”: “/components/schemas/Notice”}} // 假设Notice一个定义好的模式 }, “example”: “notices”: [“id”: 123, “title”: “某项目招标公告”, “province”: “浙江省”, “publishdate”: “2025-04-11”, “doctype”: “招标公告”}]} } }}
接口实现
Django视图实现
根据上述接口定义,下面内容是Django视图的实现示例:
views.pyfrom django.views.decorators.http import require_http_methodsfrom django.http import JsonResponseimport json@require_http_methods([“GET”])def provinces_list(request): 调用Java接口获取省份列表 provinces = [“广东省”, “江苏省”, “浙江省”] 模拟数据 timestamp = “2025-04-17T18:27:30Z” return JsonResponse(“data”: provinces, “timestamp”: timestamp})@require_http_methods([“GET”])def notices_list(request): province = request.GET.get(“province”) publishdate = request.GET.get(“publishdate”) doctype = request.GET.get(“doctype”) 调用Java接口获取Notice列表 notices = [“id”: 123, “title”: “某项目招标公告”, “province”: “广东省”, “publishdate”: “2025-04-01”, “doctype”: “招标公告”}] 模拟数据 timestamp = “2025-04-17T18:27:30Z” return JsonResponse(“data”: notices, “timestamp”: timestamp})@require_http_methods([“POST”])def combined_search(request): try: data = json.loads(request.body) filters = data.get(“filters”, }) options = data.get(“options”, }) province = filters.get(“province”) daysbefore = options.get(“daysbefore”) 调用Java接口进行组合搜索 notices = [“id”: 123, “title”: “某项目招标公告”, “province”: “浙江省”, “publishdate”: “2025-04-11”, “doctype”: “招标公告”}] 模拟数据 return JsonResponse(“notices”: notices}) except json.JSONDecodeError: return JsonResponse(“error”: “Invalid JSON format”}, status=400)
URL路由配置
在Django项目的urls.py中添加下面内容路由配置:
urls.pyfrom django.urls import pathfrom . import viewsurlpatterns = [ path(‘api/provinces/’, views.provinces_list, name=’provinces_list’), path(‘api/notices/’, views.notices_list, name=’notices_list’), path(‘api/combined-search/’, views.combined_search, name=’combined_search’),]
Java接口调用
在实际应用中,Django视图需要调用Java接口。下面内容是调用Java接口的示例代码:
import requestsdef call_java_api(url, method, params=None, data=None): if method == “GET”: response = requests.get(url, params=params) elif method == “POST”: response = requests.post(url, json=data) elif method == “PUT”: response = requests.put(url, json=data) elif method == “DELETE”: response = requests.delete(url) else: raise ValueError(“Unsupported HTTP method”) if response.status_code == 200: return response.json() else: raise Exception(f”API call failed: response.status_code} – response.text}”)
测试与性能
单元测试
下面内容是针对上述接口的单元测试示例:
tests.pyfrom django.test import TestCase, Clientimport jsonclass APITestCase(TestCase): def setUp(self): self.client = Client() def test_provinces_list(self): response = self.client.get(‘/api/provinces/’) self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200) content = json.loads(response.content) self.assertIn(‘data’, content) self.assertIn(‘timestamp’, content) def test_notices_list(self): response = self.client.get(‘/api/notices/?province=广东省&publishdate=2025-04-01&doctype=招标公告’) self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200) content = json.loads(response.content) self.assertIn(‘data’, content) self.assertIn(‘timestamp’, content) def test_combined_search(self): data = “filters”: “province”: “浙江省”}, “options”: “daysbefore”: 7} } response = self.client.post(‘/api/combined-search/’, json.dumps(data), content_type=’application/json’) self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200) content = json.loads(response.content) self.assertIn(‘notices’, content)
性能压测
下面内容是使用Vegeta进行性能压测的命令:
使用Vegeta进行压力测试vegeta attack -body testdata/search.json -rate 100/s -duration 30s | vegeta report
监控指标
下面内容是Prometheus监控配置:
prometheus/config.yml- job_name: ‘djangoapi’ metrics_path: ‘/metrics’ static_configs: – targets: [‘django:8000’]
文档生成
为了生成交互式文档,可以使用drf-spectacular库。下面内容是配置示例:
settings.pyINSTALLED_APPS = [ … ‘drf_spectacular’, …]SPECTACULAR_SETTINGS = ‘TITLE’: ‘Django API’, ‘DESCRIPTION’: ‘Django API documentation’, ‘VERSION’: ‘1.0.0’, ‘SERVE_INCLUDE_SCHEMA’: False, ‘SWAGGER_UI_DIST’: ‘SIDECAR’, ‘SWAGGER_UI_FAVICON_HREF’: ‘SIDECAR’, ‘REDOC_DIST’: ‘SIDECAR’,}
接着,在视图中使用@extend_schema注解:
views.pyfrom drf_spectacular.utils import extend_schema@extend_schema( request=None, responses= 200: ‘type’: ‘object’, ‘properties’: ‘data’: ‘type’: ‘array’, ‘items’: ‘type’: ‘string’} }, ‘timestamp’: ‘type’: ‘string’, ‘format’: ‘date-time’} } } })def provinces_list(request): 接口实现 pass
版本控制
为了实现接口的版本控制,可以在URL中添加版本号:
urls.pyfrom django.urls import pathfrom . import viewsurlpatterns = [ path(‘api/v1/provinces/’, views.provinces_list, name=’provinces_list’), path(‘api/v1/notices/’, views.notices_list, name=’notices_list’), path(‘api/v1/combined-search/’, views.combined_search, name=’combined_search’),]
安全性考虑
为了进步接口的安全性,可以采取下面内容措施:
- 认证与授权:使用JWT或OAuth2等认证机制
- 输入验证:对用户输入进行验证,防止SQL注入和XSS攻击
- 速率限制:使用Django的ratelimit库限制请求频率
- HTTPS:确保接口通过HTTPS访问
- CORS配置:配置跨域资源共享(CORS)
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